Beach Haven

Bibliography
​Lindberg, D. C. (2007). The Beginnings of Western Science (2nd ed.). The University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London.

David Lindberg walks the reader through a specific historical narrative of western science. The subtitle reads, “The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D.1450”. That subtitle is a mouthful, but essentially describes the effort of the book. It does potentially mislead. For example, there is a significant look at scientific knowledge and processes that enter Europe from Muslim middle east and African nations such as those learned in Spain as a result of the ‘reconquista’.

In particular, Lindberg makes s good case about assumptions and misconceptions about science, particularly medical science, in medieval Europe. Many think that time was clouded to thought as it is sometimes called ‘the dark ages’. In fact, there was medical advancement in the period both within the medical community, and through gleanings from the world of Islam. Lindberg makes it clear some advances were tampered in part by Catholic church authorities, but just as often what knowledge growth does occur is because church officials encourage exploration. In fact, many middle-age scholars were also clergy as they had time, access to libraries and resources, and instruction to read and interpret the information. Much of the experimentation of the time was instigated by this same clergy.
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If past is prolog, Lindberg’s efforts to help the reader understand scientific support and obstacles could help today. He shows not only when religious dogma may have been at odds with so called advancement, but also where scientific dogma may have been more detrimental to itself. In fact, he shows how in many cases the church was more supportive of a relationship with science than practitioners were when it came to a relationship with the church. Just as we all need to be open to the ideas of science, so too scientific practitioners need to understand when their theories seem supported by evidence, such ideas are not automatically true. When scientific ideas become themselves dogmatic the risk is a ceasing of inquiry and knowledge growth.

 

Bibliography
​Fromm, E. (1966). Marx's Concept of Man. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.

It’s clear in this work that Erich Fromm is a Marx apologist, or maybe better said advocate. There is a portion of the work that deals with Fromm’s biography who forwent his Jewish roots for an atheistic position in the Marxist tradition. The main body of this book is a translation of some of Marx’s economic and philosophic manuscripts. These were translated by T.B. Bottomore of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Fromm comments on those works and offers separately statements about Marx that were published by family and colleagues who knew him.

Perhaps the point Fromm puts the most effort into within his arguments is how one cannot judge Marx’s ideas by the applications that resulted in government systems such as in Russia, China, or Cuba. What makes that position difficult for this reviewer is that as one reads the actual words of Marx, these particular examples certainly line up philosophically. The actual economic policies each has adopted vary some, but not so much as Fromm tries to express. He tries to show how the Soviets for example distory Marxian theory. Though he makes some reasoned arguments, he really does not directly show examples where such philosophies differ so much as individual policy application when the practical use of Marxist theories prove unworkable in real life. Such positions seem less to support Marx’s specific views as they stand for evidence to counter his views. Fromm’s focus tends to be about Marx’s humanist views and his arguments against religion, even any sort of religious belief. His support for secularism goes beyond secular government and reaches into secularism within the lives of individuals.

The other argument Erich Fromm tends to point to is about western ignorance of the basic tenants of Marxist views. Indeed, most Americans I would think do not have a deep understanding of the Marxist political and philosophical sophistry. Even someone like me with only a cursory study could not claim the sort of insights a Marxist scholar might. On the other hand, most do have some idea of the overarching differences between a Communist and capitalist system, even if the variations of socialism and communism might be lost on many of us.
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If one has an academic curiosity to understand some Marxist philosophical arguments there are some insights her, but take it with a grain of salt. It’s clear Fromm has a specific position so his reasonings are guided by that position.